THERMODYNAMICS (CHEMISTRY) for CLASS-11TH

 Define Thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics in chemistry is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with the study of energy, heat, and work in chemical systems. It focuses on understanding and quantifying the relationships between various forms of energy and the transformations that occur during chemical reactions and processes.

Thermodynamics provides fundamental principles and laws that govern the behavior of matter and energy, enabling the prediction and analysis of chemical reactions, phase changes, equilibrium, and the efficiency of energy conversion. It plays a crucial role in areas such as reaction kinetics, thermodynamic stability, energy transfer, and the design and optimization of chemical processes.

COMPLEX DEFINATOIN:-THERMODYNAMICS

Types of Systems in thermodynamics-

In thermodynamics, systems are classified based on their interactions with the surroundings. The three main types of systems are:

1. Open System: An open system is one that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings. It allows the transfer of heat and work as well as the flow of mass across its boundaries. Open systems are commonly found in nature and engineering applications. For example, a pot of boiling water with steam escaping is an open system since heat is being added water is evaporating, and steam is leaving the system.

2. Closed System: A closed system, also known as a control mass, is a system that allows energy transfer (in the form of heat and work) with the surroundings but does not exchange matter. The boundaries of a closed system are impermeable to mass flow. The total mass within a closed system remains constant. A sealed container with a fixed amount of gas is an example of a closed system, where heat can enter or leave the system, and the gas can expand or contract, but no mass is exchanged with the surroundings.

3. Isolated System: An isolated system is a system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings. It is completely isolated from its environment. In an isolated system, the total energy and mass remain constant. Isolated systems are theoretical constructs used for analysis and study. The universe as a whole is oinfluenced by any external interactions.

These classifications of systems provide a framework for studying the transfer and conversion of energy and matter in various thermodynamic processes. They help define the boundaries and interactions of a system with its surroundings, allowing for the analysis of energy flow, work done, and changes in system properties.

Laws Of Thermodynamics:-

In chemistry, the laws of thermodynamics provide fundamental principles that govern the behavior of energy and matter. The three laws of thermodynamics are:

1.First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation): This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It can only be transferred or converted from one form to another. In other words, the total energy of a system and its surroundings remains constant.

2.Second Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Entropy): This law describes the direction of natural processes and states that the entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. The second law also introduces the concept of heat flow from a higher temperature region to a lower temperature region, and the impossibility of achieving 100% efficiency in energy conversion.

3.Third Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Absolute Zero): This law states that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius), the entropy of the system approaches a minimum or zero value. It provides a reference point for the measurement of entropy and establishes the unattainability of reaching absolute zero temperature.

4.Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:  Zeroth law

These laws provide a foundation for understanding the behavior of energy, heat, and matter in chemical systems and play a crucial role in various areas of chemistry, including chemical reactions, phase transitions, and equilibrium.

TOPics in THERmodynamics-



1.Internal energy as a state function

2.Internal energy of state function change when
3.The relationship between work and internal energy in chemistry