Internal Energy of State Function Change when-
The internal energy (U) of a system, as a state function, changes due to the following factors:
Heat transfer (Q): Adding or extracting heat alters the internal energy.
Work done (W): When work is done on or by the system, the internal energy changes accordingly.
Phase transitions: During phase changes, the internal energy can change due to the absorption or release of latent heat.
Chemical reactions: Internal energy changes occur during chemical reactions due to the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
Changes in composition or pressure: Altering the system's composition or pressure can lead to changes in internal energy.
The specific values of internal energy depend on the system's initial and final states, and the path taken is irrelevant.
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